Dynamic analysis of tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM) for critical dimension measurement

Transient dynamics of tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM) for critical dimension measurement are analyzed. A simplified nonlinear model of AFM is presented to describe the forced vibration of the micro cantilever-tip system with consideration of both contact and non-contact transient behavior for critical dimension measurement. The governing motion equations of the AFM cantilever system are derived from the developed model. Based on the established dynamic model, motion state of the AFM cantilever system is calculated utilizing the method of averaging with the form of slow flow equations. Further analytical solutions are obtained to reveal the effects of critical parameters on the system dynamic performance. In addition, features of dynamic response of tapping mode AFM in critical dimension measurement are studied, where the effects of equivalent contact stiffness, quality factor and resonance frequency of cantilever on the system dynamic behavior are investigated. Contact behavior between the tip and sample is also analyzed and the frequency drift in contact phase is further explored. Influence of the interaction between the tip and sample on the subsequent non-contact phase is studied with regard to different parameters. The dependence of the minimum amplitude of tip displacement and maximum phase difference on the equivalent contact stiffness, quality factor and resonance frequency are investigated. This study brings further insights into the dynamic characteristics of tapping mode AFM for critical dimension measurement, and thus provides guidelines for the high fidelity tapping mode AFM scanning.     

小样产品试织时常见问题处理的探讨

本文结合多年的实践经验，针对纺织专业学生使用江阴通源生产的SGA598型半自动织样机设计试织时，出现的松紧边、锁边问题、张力控制等常见问题进行了探讨。     

Data collection mode effect on feeling thermometer questions: A comparison of face-to-face and Web surveys

Feeling thermometer questions are widely used in political science research to estimate people’s attitudes and feelings toward a political object, like a political figure or an organization. Given the popularity of the feeling thermometer question in population surveys, more work is needed to explore the measurement of this question type. This study examines the data collection mode effect on feeling thermometers. Using the 2012 American National Election Studies, we find that the measurement of feeling thermometers is not exactly comparable between face-to-face and Web surveys. Face-to-face respondents tend to provide warmer feelings, while Web respondents give relatively more reliable responses in comparison. In both survey modes, respondents are most likely to select the response options that are verbally labeled although the effect is more striking in face-to-face than Web survey. The item nonresponse between these two modes does not differ in a meaningful way. This study ends by discussing future research directions on feeling thermometer questions.     

汽轮机运行调节方式优化策略探析

分析了汽轮机的喷嘴调节、节流调节、旁通调节、定压调节和滑压调节等几种基本调节方式的特点,指出现役燃煤火电机组多因调节方式单一而普遍存在着调峰能力不足、负荷响应迟缓以及因长期偏离设计工况致使运行安全经济性下降等诸多问题,提出了通过调节方式的优化组合,采用(节流)定压-滑压-(喷嘴)定压-旁通调节的复合调节方式,以实现煤电机组安全、经济、灵活、快速地参与电网的深度调峰,破解具有强随机波动性的新能源电量规模化并网的困境。     

Promising approaches to improve the performances of hybrid non‐isocyanate polyurethane

The performances of hybrid non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) materials were improved by using promising approaches. For the ring‐opening reaction of cyclic carbonate with excess amine, methanol was selected as solvent to increase the molar mass of NH₂‐terminated NIPU pre‐polymer but also caused the formation of urea as a result of eliminating hydrogen bonding between NIPU chains. Meanwhile, another approach was carried out to reduce the content of urea by altering the introduction mode of reactants, along with further increasing the molar mass of the NIPU pre‐polymer. The final hybrid materials were prepared by adding bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether into the pre‐polymer. The results indicated that the introduction of methanol and the change of the introduction mode of reactants could improve the performance of the hybrid materials. The hybrid material derived from the forward method has optimal performance with a tensile strength of 10.8 MPa, elongation at break of 167%, a glass transition temperature of 49.1 °C and a crosslinking density of 450 mol m^?3 as well as presentable thermodynamic stability, ascribed to the high molar mass of the NIPU pre‐polymer, the low urea content and the dense crosslinking network. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于滑模变结构控制的路径跟踪研究

为解决锅炉水冷壁磨损检测机器人的路径跟踪问题,提出了一种基于指数趋近律的滑模变结构控制的机器人路径跟踪方法。在水冷壁磨损检测机器人运动模型的基础上,进行路径跟踪误差分析,设计一种基于指数趋近律的滑模变结构控制器,再利用Lyapunov定理验证其收敛性,最后通过MATLAB软件模拟仿真,仿真结果表明该控制器可以克服误差,使位姿误差收敛至零。     

When is it reasonable to implement the discontinuous sliding‐mode controllers instead of the continuous ones? Frequency domain criteria

Professor Utkin proposed an example showing that the amplitude of chattering caused by the presence of parasitic dynamics (stable actuators) in some systems governed by the First‐Order Sliding‐Mode Controller is lower than that produced by the Super‐Twisting Algorithm. This example served to motivate this paper reconsidering the problem of comparison of chattering in systems with stable actuators, and driven by Discontinuous Sliding‐Mode Controllers (DSMCs) and Continuous Sliding‐Mode Controllers (CSMCs). Comparison of chattering produced by DSMC and CSMC taking into account their amplitudes, frequencies, and average power (AP) needed to maintain the system into real‐sliding modes, allowing to conclude the following: (i) for systems with slow actuators, the amplitude of oscillations and AP produced by DSMC be smaller than those caused by CSMC; (ii) for bounded disturbances with fixed Lipschitz constant, there exist sufficiently fast actuators for which the amplitude of oscillations and AP produced by CSMC be smaller than those caused by DSMC.     

磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺高速转子的高精度位置控制

在受到陀螺效应、动框架效应等影响后产生的磁力非线性问题是磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺(MSCMG)高速转子位置精度下降的主要因素。为解决以上问题,提高转子位置精度,本文分析了转子所受磁力的特性,建立了转子系统非线性动力学模型,提出了神经网络滑模控制方法。设计滑模控制律,采用径向基函数神经网络逼近控制律中的非线性模型,自适应算法根据误差在线调整神经网络的权值,同时可以保证整个系统的稳定性。仿真和实验结果表明,所提出方法的转子位置精度达到99%,稳态误差为0.000 2 mm。神经网络滑模控制可以实现MSCMG转子系统的高精度位置控制。     

基于灰色关联度的微孔端面机械密封开启力共性影响参数分析

目前微孔端面机械密封采用的几何参数繁多,缺乏明确物理意义。为找出跨孔型的共性几何参数,基于Fluent多相流空化模型,针对矩形孔、菱形孔、椭圆孔端面机械密封,建立密封间隙流体的三维数值计算模型,计算得到144条开启力数据;在分析开启力和几何尺寸之间的关系、额外开启力产生机制的基础上,提出等效长度和等效宽度2个具有物理意义的几何参数;采用灰色关联度分析法,分析和验证等效长度、等效宽度、方向角、面积比对开启力的影响,发现4个因素对3种微孔密封的间隙流体开启力都有影响,但等效长度与等效宽度的影响较方向角、面积比大。     

基于RBF网络滑模的电动助力制动系统液压力控制

针对汽车电动助力制动系统（Electro-booster，EBooster）的液压力控制中液压负载的非线性和不一致性问题，提出一种基于径向基函数（Radial based function，RBF）神经网络的滑模变结构控制方法。设计EBooster系统压力控制架构，建立液压制动系统等效结构简化模型，据此设计基于RBF网络滑模变结构的液压力控制方法，通过设计RBF网络的自适应律来实现系统滑模控制参数的自适应调整，并利用李雅普诺夫函数方法分析算法的稳定性。最后搭建电动助力制动系统的快速原型试验平台来验证算法的有效性。试验结果表明，采用RBF神经网络滑模变结构的控制策略对电动助力制动系统液压力的控制误差在2%以内，具有良好的控制效果。研究成果为EBooster系统的压力控制提出一种具有良好自适应性的算法设计思路。